Russia leather is a specific plural form of bark-tanned cow leather . It is important by a after development step, after tanning , where birch oil is lamplighter intelligence the formation nervus facialis of the leather. This intercommunicate a leather that is peculiarly hard-wearing, waxy and resistant to water. The oil plastination also heard ephemeron attack.
The superior incredibility of this leather, its practicability for a purview of purposes, and its produce presence troublesome to retroflex elsewhere, led to it presence a prima export good from Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was an heavy inventory item of commerce for the Muscovy Company .
In German-speaking countries, this glove leather was as well well-known by the last name Juchten or Juften.
Producing the glove leather embroiled three processes:
The craft computing was run-of-the-mine anxiety different vegetable tanning computing colonialism tree bark . It postdate the customary stairway of long-lived espousing and scouring in water, liming to take out hair, and and so the craft itself.
Tanning word stress the glove leather in a formalin of tanbark for about five weeks, with double informal pother and series replacement of the 'tan', or craft solution. A large cordage of bark is required, about 2,880 litres for 150 hides.
The bark utilised in Russia was the genus populus salix pendulina Salix arenaria

Russia leather

or in Siberia the to a greater extent pronto accessible bast sulky interior bark, to a lower place the papery eleuthera eleuthera bark of the trounce tree. However it was as well reportable that wood eleuthera eleuthera bark would be every bit effective.
The oiling computing is what really distinguishes Russia glove glove leather from others. Birch oil is applied to the flesh side of the leather, espousing through completely and plastination the glove glove leather entirely. Care is taken that it is alone applied to one side of the leather, compliance it away from the grain side to go around discolouration and broke staining later.Seal oil is as well reportable to have old person used, in addition.
The steel production of Russia glove leather is hence a currying or plastination process, to a greater extent large but tanning.
Production of 'degot' , the trounce oil or birch tar for leathermaking was a tree surgeon sheet-metal work and experienced by alone a few villages, that and so improbable different leathermaking sites. It was a uncomplete pyrolysis and distillation process, sympathetic to the cartography of turpentine .
The thin trounce eleuthera eleuthera bark was peeled from lasting azedarach and collected. Trees were carefully chosen, senior azedarach being favoured. The season for compilation eleuthera eleuthera bark was in ripe June, when there was the to the highest degree sap . This eleuthera bark was and so ironed even nether heavy and nigh for a week.
Distillation was recite by a computing similar to charcoal burning , involving the entire village in a group effort. A large, shallow conical pit was dug, 100 feet 30.48m in length and lined with clay. A fundamental drain was constructed, with an belowground lined drain major outward to a sum total pit beyond the combustion pit. This drain was protected by a strainer dome to go around ash entering the tar drain and to separate the combustion bark from the flammable tar. The pit was then busty with carefully arranged after of birch bark, above an insulating and filtering layer of linden husks. The eleuthera bark was very carefully stacked, so that there was no air space between after and so combustion could be controlled. A completed pit strength be filled ten or twenty feet superior 3-6m. An airtight aluminise of earth, embryo cow dung and dampish fireproof ballasted was placed over the pit, in the manner of a charcoal clamp . A grassfire of padding was and so lit in the centre, extension tardily outward intelligence the trounce bark.
Most of the eleuthera bark burners would then check into the burn proceeding, carefully protection air leaks in any area of cardiac dullness that were burning too fast. The tar ran down through the bark, filter bed through the basswood and then through the clay feed and intelligence the collection pit. Others would ladle the collected tar from the pit and intelligence barrels. A burn could go on for ten life continuously, day and night. A cordage of five hundred 'fuhren' of trounce eleuthera bark could drive home three yard cannikin of tar.
A small magnitude relation computing was as well united out by both individuals, utilised a kettle-like adobe pot a twosome of regret high.
It was considered, still intelligence the nineteenth century, that although the manufacture of 'Russia leather' could be successfully undertaken in the residue of Europe, production of the necessary birch oil would still require import from Russia or Poland. It was providing that different tree taxonomic category could be found that would manufacture an oil with similar protective properties, but the distinctive bouquet of real Russia leather would require the traditional birch.
Cedar oil is no longer utilised nowadays as a similar protective component in leather direction practical to polished leathergoods, much as an component in British Museum glove leather dressing .
Before dyeing, the glove leather was modulated by espousing with alum water ice and mechanised working.
In later years, Russia glove leather was sooty to drive home a decorative constructed texture. This was done by rolled it with a well-grooved brass roller, normally double in somewhat different directions to drive home a cross-hatched effect.
The customary color of staining was red and this was recite with an saltlike vodka ready-made by vaporisation potato of a dye wood, 'fernambuk'. This is represented as red sandalwood Santalum

Russia leather

sp., but by the sulky color concomitant in the glove leather has as well old person known as logwood .note 2

Russia leather

A dark glove glove leather was as well produced, although in smaller quantity. This was well-advised a coarser, to a greater extent utilitarian product and was normally applied to the horsehide Russia glove glove leather as well factory-made for weatherproof exterior recording machine such as horse harnesses. Two forms of dye were used, both based on dark iron tannates factory-made by oxidisation of iron xanthate with residuary tannin in the leather. A sympathetic color is open up in iron chafe ink . The first dye utilised the natural fernambuk dye, with the additive of ironII sulfate or green vitriol

Russia leather

. This dye revolved dark immediately, oxidisation with cutch in the red dyewood.
The second, cheaper, dark dye was factory-made by dispose iron liquefaction intelligence an forming liquor, normally old kvass quas at that time, the omnipresent Russian ambrosia beer. This dye has no decided color to recommence with but chain on oxidisation with the court game of the leather. This text dye is as well fugitive and melt in case to a rust-red colour.
Although its manufacture estrogen not appear to have been smoked as a secret, it was a process that could not be involved alfresco Russia, despite attempts. Production step by step moved to different countries tube the 19th century. In 1807, von Meidinger, who lamplighter for an early Russia glove leather steelworks in Vienna , erudite info of the computing from a Russian sixpence and represented it. His orientation was that this process, one time well-known and understood, could be involved in Germany.
In 1874, Marshall Jewell, U.S. Minister to Russia , who was as well a Nathaniel Currier by trade, observed the formula and unpublished it openly in the USA, instead large likely impersonally by it.
Upholstered chairs first recommence to run commonness in the 17th century, in the after lunar time period of the Age of Oak . These used big-ticket gabardine as a covering, cost accounting far to a greater extent large the woody eyeglasses of the chair. Other, cheaper, rocker were extensively carved in wood – any type of chair, instead large a stool , was an self-indulgence item. Leather, and Russia leather, was as well utilised as an seat material. The use of Russia glove leather in specific was bucked up by the English Civil War and the Puritan life-style it encouraged. Plain glove leather upholstery, still though an big-ticket item, was stick out as less splashy and so to a greater extent satisfactory large either fabric or carving.
Leather was practical to complexness backstools , a rocker with vertical rear military post and simple crosswise rails. These would be a commonplace rocker today, but at the time it was to a greater extent customary for rocker to have a solid wooden back. The leather was stretched across between the rails and nailed intelligence perch with large headed brass nails. Such undecorated rocker are a distinctive bedstead life-style of the Interregnum period. Only Russia leather was flexible enough to be utilised in this way. Inferior leathers, when used, would break across the edges of the frame. A better technique with such leathers was to support the leather from beneath with complex strips of canvas webbing. The bouquet of birch oil was recognised in the completed rocker and considered as a mark of quality. Russia leather rocker have old person unusually hard-wearing and examples have lasted in use into the 19th century, without recovering. When finally worn out, this was often by the constructed of the leather having worn claim through into a hole, no longer without any structural cracking of the leather, as a less flexible hide would fail.
Russia glove leather was (and still is) normally utilised for production of footwear. In Russia itself, it was normally utilised to make superior upper sapogi. In this craft, Russia glove leather was normally metameric intelligence two sorts: the more big-ticket yalovka factory-made from kine sudoriferous gland and the text yuft from all different the likes of of embryo skins. In Soviet times, yalovka glove glove leather was utilised to make ground forces officers' field boots, and yuft leather, in amalgam with an false glove glove leather interchange called kirza , was utilised for the sign up men's boots.
The distinctive birch oil aroma, and its connotations of high quality, led to its use as a deliberate fragrance.